Review of the use of proxy measures in analysing leadership for learning addresses the unit of analysis, source definitions, missing data and transfer beyond the reported setting.
The article examines AI competency frameworks, separating supported observations from causal claims and identifying where further evidence is required.
Review of implementation of risk-based artificial intelligence regulation addresses the unit of analysis, source definitions, missing data and transfer beyond the reported setting.
Review of timeliness and completeness of data on climate education addresses the unit of analysis, source definitions, missing data and transfer beyond the reported setting.
Review of interpreting institutional variation in climate education addresses the unit of analysis, source definitions, missing data and transfer beyond the reported setting.
Evidence concerning establishing a baseline for education data-governance maturity is reviewed for source definitions, coverage, comparability, uncertainty and limits on inference.
Review of trend analysis for climate education addresses the unit of analysis, source definitions, missing data and transfer beyond the reported setting.
Evidence concerning data governance in monitoring post-PISA improvement planning is reviewed for source definitions, coverage, comparability, uncertainty and limits on inference.
This review considers cross-border provision, with attention to data provenance, population coverage, stable definitions and appropriate limits on inference.